{"id":1400,"date":"2021-05-03T11:46:31","date_gmt":"2021-05-03T09:46:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lauresoustiel.com\/?post_type=portfolio&#038;p=1400"},"modified":"2021-05-03T12:06:12","modified_gmt":"2021-05-03T10:06:12","slug":"astrolabe-made-by-muhammad-ibn-ahmad-al-battuti-in-the-maghrib-in-1139-hijra-that-is-1726-27","status":"publish","type":"portfolio","link":"https:\/\/www.lauresoustiel.com\/en\/portfolio-item\/astrolabe-made-by-muhammad-ibn-ahmad-al-battuti-in-the-maghrib-in-1139-hijra-that-is-1726-27\/","title":{"rendered":"Astrolabe made by Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Batt\u00fbt\u00ee in the Maghrib in 1139 Hijra, that is, 1726\/27"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-knpwad7d-466211b3f5d36ce043ff745c68dfaba6\">\n.avia-section.av-knpwad7d-466211b3f5d36ce043ff745c68dfaba6{\nbackground-color:#052e47;\nbackground-image:unset;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_1'  class='avia-section av-knpwad7d-466211b3f5d36ce043ff745c68dfaba6 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-0  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><main  role=\"main\" itemprop=\"mainContentOfPage\"  class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1400'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-emzdm-bbb6ea52c9d949e6e96729133822ba05\">\n.flex_column.av-emzdm-bbb6ea52c9d949e6e96729133822ba05{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-emzdm-bbb6ea52c9d949e6e96729133822ba05 av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-1  el_before_av_two_fifth  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ko8f5tcf-360a2337cf2eb30f682750e36ee92a14\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-ko8f5tcf-360a2337cf2eb30f682750e36ee92a14{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-ko8f5tcf-360a2337cf2eb30f682750e36ee92a14 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-ko8f5tcf-360a2337cf2eb30f682750e36ee92a14 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-ko8f5tcf-360a2337cf2eb30f682750e36ee92a14 av-special-heading-h4  avia-builder-el-2  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h4 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Astrolabe made by Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Batt\u00fbt\u00ee in the Maghrib in 1139 Hijra, that is, 1726\/27<\/h4><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-knkb9nr6-f474a13a1f395d17024309487d1694ae\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-knkb9nr6-f474a13a1f395d17024309487d1694ae .avia_textblock{\ncolor:#33cccc;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-knkb9nr6-f474a13a1f395d17024309487d1694ae '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock av_inherit_color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p class=\"Style1\" lang=\"en-GB\" xml:lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"left\">Brass, with numerous silver studs.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Style1\" lang=\"en-GB\" xml:lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"left\">Height: 24.2 cm. Diameter: 21.9 cm. Diameter plates: 19.6 cm. Thickness: 0.65 cm.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Style1\" lang=\"en-GB\" xml:lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"left\">Provenance: Formerly Collection J.R., Algiers, October 1888.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Style1\" align=\"left\"><span class=\"Style1\"><u>Bibliography\u00a0:<\/u><\/span><u><br \/>\n<\/u>Laure Soustiel, <em>Astrolabe in\u00e9dit, par Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Batt\u00fbt\u00ee<\/em>, Publication Laure Soustiel et Pierre-Guilhem M\u00e9tayer, Aix-en-Provence, juin 2009.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Style1\" align=\"left\">Maddison et Brieux (Ed. Bruno Halff), <em>R\u00e9pertoire des astrolabistes<\/em>, Editions CNRS, 2009 (en cours de publication)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-knkb9nr6-cc3303615fdb008a3af468938d8bf752 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p class=\"Style1\" align=\"justify\">Planispheric astrolabe including four plates.<\/p>\n<p>The markings serve :<\/p>\n<p>1a &#8211; 21\u00b040\u2019 Makka<br \/>\n1b &#8211; 25\u00b030\u2019 Madina (\u201cthe City of the Prophet, may God bless and save Him\u201d)<br \/>\n2a &#8211; 28\u00b0 Draa (Dar\u2019a)<br \/>\n3a &#8211; 30\u00b0 Cairo, Sijilmasa<br \/>\n3b &#8211; 33\u00b0 Jerusalem, Marrakesh<br \/>\n4a &#8211; 34\u00b0 \u201cMiknasat al-Zayt\u00fbn\u201d, that is, Meknes<br \/>\n4b &#8211; 36\u00b037\u2019 Tunis<br \/>\n2b &#8211; 41\u00b0 Istanbul<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The rete is in a form typical of Maghrib\u00ee astrolabes. There are pointers for 7+7+6+7 named stars within the four quadrants starting counter-clockwise from the vernal equinox on the left, that is, the standard Maghrib\u00ee selection of 27 stars. At the base of these pointers there are silver studs, often three on a single pointer. Also there are silver knobs on the horizontal axis and at the top of the ecliptic ring to facilitate rotating the rete.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The mater is devoid of markings. The throne (kursi) is low and in a very distinctively Maghribi style. The scale around the limb of the mater is divided into 5\u00b0 intervals from 5\u00b0 to 360\u00b0, subdivided for each 1\u00b0.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The maker is named in an inscription on the back: \u201cThe maker [of this astrolabe] is Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Batt\u00fbt\u00ee &#8211; may God grant him success, Amen \u2013 [in] the year 1139 (Hijra).\u201d The date is written in the Maghrib\u00ee forms of the \u201cHindu-Arabic\u201d numerals, and the form for \u201c1\u201d is the Roman form \u201cI.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A later Arabic inscription has been added in the formerly empty space around the lower perimeter of the back. The engraving is not expert and parts of the text are difficult to read. We read:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201c[This astrolabe] was donated as a religious endowment by al-Mu\u2019azzam Muhammad, head of the cavalry, to the Grand Mosque of Algiers, (city) protected by God. Let nobody take it out of the said mosque [although it is in order that] the muwaqqits [that is, the astronomers of the mosque responsible for timekeeping and the regulation of the times of prayer] should examine it [and use it]. [The endowment was established] at the end of Rajab, 1158 (Hijra)\/A.D. 1745.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The inscription informs us that the astrolabe was related to the Grand Mosque (al-j\u00e2mi\u2019 al-a\u2019zam) in Algiers, protected (by God) (al-jaz\u00e2\u2019ir al-mahmiyya). At the end of the inscription the professional mosque timekeepers (al-muwaqqit\u00een), responsible for the regulation of the times of prayer, are mentioned, as well as the end of the month of Rajab, 1158 Hijra, that is, August 20, 1648. It is not unreasonable to suppose that this astrolabe was used by the muwaqqits of the Grand Mosque to which it belonged in order to help regulate the times of the five daily prayers. They also had access to various sorts of astronomical tables for this purpose, of which some computed specifically for the latitude of Algiers have survived. The astronomers could have used the plate for Tunis, since medieval astronomers used the same latitude for Tunis and Algiers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">There is the alidade with two sighting vanes, a pin and a little horse.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This astrolabe offers several interests: Not only it is signed and dated (A.H. 1139\/ A.D. 1726-27), but it has an historical inscription dated A.H. 1158\/A.D. 1745 that relates it to the Grand Mosque of Algiers. Moreover, it is a large instrument, in very good condition, it includes four plates and the rete still has silver studs.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-bchy2-cb216aad6280b2bea8c683cd65af4780\">\n.flex_column.av-bchy2-cb216aad6280b2bea8c683cd65af4780{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-bchy2-cb216aad6280b2bea8c683cd65af4780 av_two_fifth  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_social_share  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-knkb2zu9-6861d6ed8c3787e438c77086083c0ab8\">\n.avia-image-container.av-knkb2zu9-6861d6ed8c3787e438c77086083c0ab8 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-knkb2zu9-6861d6ed8c3787e438c77086083c0ab8 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  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